Study Objectives

War profoundly impacts various aspects of human life. The effects of war on sleep have been mainly studied among military personnel who are directly exposed to combat. The present work studies changes in sleep patterns of the civilian population following a war, assessing sleep before and during the 2023-2024 Israel–Hamas war.

Methods

Study 1 compared the national prevalence of insomnia before and during the war by analyzing data from the 2023 Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics survey (N = 6,474). Studies 2 and 3 comprehensively assessed reports on sleep before the war and 2-3 months into the war through validated tools, and also measured psychological distress and demographics. These studies included two independent samples (N = 1,706), one of which was representative of the Israeli population. Study 4 re-surveyed the representative sample of Study 3 six months into the war (N = 273).

Results

In Study 1, the incidence of insomnia symptoms rose markedly during the war. In Studies 2 and 3, participants reported a 19-22 % increase in the prevalence of short sleep (< 6 hours/night), a 16-19 % increase in clinical insomnia, and a 4-5 % increase in sleep medication usage compared to before the war. In Study 4, 6 months into the war, the majority of sleep impairments persisted despite reduced psychological distress. Across studies, women and individuals with greater exposure to trauma were more strongly affected.

Conclusions

The findings of four studies demonstrate the detrimental effects of warfare on civilians’ sleep, indicating that these effects are likely long-lasting. The findings identify precursors for sleep problems and underscore the relationships between sleep, trauma, and psychological distress.

This article proposes a new classification of legal remedies that cuts across existing classifications. It argues that all remedies involving the transfer of resources are positioned along a continuum from close to remote, which determines their “distance factor.” The basic distinction is between remedies provided directly by the injurer to the injured and remedies that are provided through third parties. The article presents the results of two original, preregistered experiments designed to examine the effect of the distance factor on perceptions of, and preferences for, various remedies from the perspectives of both the injured and injurers. The experiments reveal that even when the remedy is monetary, both injured and injurers prefer the remedy with the smaller distance factor. Specifically, both parties believe that direct compensation leads to better outcomes than payment via a third party with regard to rectifying the harm done, granting satisfaction to the injured, treating the injured and injurer with respect, improving the bilateral relations, and increasing the injurer's sense of responsibility for the harm. These findings are relevant to the various goals that the law wishes to promote, such as corrective justice, economic efficiency, or distributive justice. They vindicate the importance of private law, offer a more attractive justification for it than the one offered by Civil Recourse Theory, and support pluralism in remedial modes.

Morphological study and molecular analysis reveal that the population of chthamalids from Seychelles Islands belongs to the species Tetrachthamalus obliterratus. Previously, this population was regarded as Chthamalus southwardi. Thus, our study leads to the conclusion that Chthamalus southwardi is a junior synonym of Tetrachthamalus oblitteratus and should be abandoned. The molecular comparison between the population of Seychelles and that of Elat (on the Red Sea), using three markers – COI, 12S rRNA, and NaKA – suggests that these populations present two distinct clades of Tetrachthamalus oblitteratus.

• The article focuses on the Supreme Court's 2023 ruling on home equity theft, affirming that property rights extend beyond the wealthy. Topics include the legal arguments surrounding Geraldine Tyler's case against Hennepin County, the broader impact of similar laws in various states, and the economic effects of the ruling on low-value home prices.

In this Article, we offer a new design for our patent system with a view

to optimize its functioning. As multiple patent scholars have recognized, the

root cause of the ills of our patent system is the high rate of low-quality

patents. Extant patent law employs a binary screening process, under which

inventions either qualify for protection or fail. Thereafter, all qualifying

inventions are entitled to the same level of protection irrespective of the

degree of their novelty, utility and nonobviousness. As we establish

throughout this Article, patent law’s failure to distinguish among inventions

based on their quality greatly undermines the patent system’s principal

objective of optimally incentivizing and adequately rewarding innovative

progress. Society, at least in principle, ends up paying the same price for

all qualifying inventions, regardless of their level of innovation and

improvement upon the prior art.

Poor sleep is pervasive in modern society. Poor sleep is associated with major physical and mental health consequences, as well as with impaired cognitive function. Less is known about the relationship between sleep and emotional and interpersonal behavior. In this work, we investigate whether poor sleep impairs empathy, an important building block of human interaction and prosocial behavior. We aimed to capture the effects of poor sleep on the various aspects of empathy: trait and state, affect and cognition.

Study 1 (n = 155) assessed daily habitual sleep over several days, and global sleep quality in the past month. Participants who reported worse sleep quality exhibited lower empathic caring and perspective-taking traits. Study 2 (n = 347) induced a one-night disruption of sleep continuity to test a causal relationship between sleep and empathy. Participants in the sleep disrupted condition had to briefly wake up five times over the night, whereas the sleep-rested controls slept normally. In the next morning, participants’ empathy and prosocial intentions were assessed. Participants in the sleep disruption condition exhibited lower empathic sensitivity and less prosocial decision-making than sleep-rested controls.

The main contribution of this work is in providing a robust demonstration of the multi-faceted detrimental effects of poor sleep on trait and state empathy. Our findings demonstrate that poor sleep causally impairs empathic response to the suffering of others. These findings highlight the need for greater public attention to adequate sleep, which may impact empathy on a societal level.

פול גרייס הסביר כיצד הסקים משיח שונים מהסקים לוגיים מטיעונים. בפרט אפשר באמצעות תורתו להבין כיצד ניתן לרמות בלי לשקר. יש בכך כדי להאיר את עיסקת הטיעון של אריה דרעי. האם שיקר? האם רימה?

Maximizing the revenue from selling two or more goods has been shown to require the use of nonmonotonic mechanisms, where a higher-valuation buyer may pay less than a lower-valuation one. Here we show that the restriction to monotonic mechanisms may not just lower the revenue, but may in fact yield only a negligible fraction of the maximal revenue; more precisely, the revenue from monotonic mechanisms is no more than k times the simple revenue obtainable by selling the goods separately, or bundled (where k is the number of goods), whereas the maximal revenue may be arbitrarily larger. We then study the class of monotonic mechanisms and its subclass of allocation-monotonic mechanisms, and obtain useful characterizations and revenue bounds.